Resumo Qualquer superfície sólida, desprotegida e indefesa no ambiente aquático será contaminada. A incrustação, por outro lado, pode afetar uma ampla gama de espécies que podem tolerar alguma epibiose. Vários outros, por outro lado, mantêm agressivamente os epibiontes fora de sua superfície corporal (anti-incrustante). As defesas anti-incrustantes são construídas em plantas marinhas como algas marinhas e ervas marinhas. Elas têm uma estrutura de superfície distinta com picos semelhantes a agulhas bem compactadas e coberturas anti-incrustantes, o que pode dificultar a capacidade de fixação das bactérias. A resistência química anti-incrustante é provavelmente uma reação biológica às desvantagens ecológicas da epibiose, especialmente para organismos capazes de realizar fotossíntese. O objetivo deste estudo foi verificar a eficácia dos compostos naturais derivados de algas marinhas do litoral na prevenção da incrustação. O mexilhão-marrom, importante organismo incrustante, foi avaliado em bioensaios de laboratório contra extratos orgânicos brutos de 51 populações, incluindo duas espécies de macroalgas. A atividade anti-incrustante exibiu um padrão filogenético distinto, com macroalgas vermelhas tendo a maior participação de espécies ativas, posteriormente macroalgas marrons. A ação anti-incrustante em algas verdes nunca foi significativa. Sete espécies apresentaram algum nível de defesa anti-incrustante induzida. Nossas descobertas parecem corroborar descobertas anteriores sobre a síntese de metabólitos secundários em algas marinhas, indicando que, na busca por novos anti-incrustantes, os pesquisadores devem concentrar seus esforços em macroalgas vermelhas tropicais.

Abstract Any solid, unprotected, and undefended surface in the aquatic environment will be fouled. Fouling, on the other hand, can affect a wide range of species that can tolerate some epibiosis. Several others, on the other hand, aggressively keep the epibionts off their body surface (antifouling). Antifouling defenses are built into marine plants like seaweed and seagrass. They do have a distinctive surface structure with tightly packed needle-like peaks and antifouling coverings, which may hinder settling bacteria's ability to cling. Chemical antifouling resistance is most probably a biological reaction to epibiosis' ecological drawbacks, especially for organisms capable of performing photosynthesis. The goal of this study was to see how effective natural compounds derived from littoral seaweeds were in preventing fouling. The brown mussel, an important fouling organism, was evaluated in laboratory bioassays against fifty-one populations' crude organic extracts including fort-two macroalgae species. Antifouling activity, exhibited a distinct phylogenetic pattern, with red macroalgae having the largest share of active species, subsequently brown macroalgae. Antifouling action in green seaweeds has never been significant. Seven species showed some level of induced antifouling defense. Our findings appear to back up previous findings about secondary metabolite synthesis in seaweeds, indicating that in the hunt for novel antifoulants, researchers should concentrate their efforts on tropical red macroalgae.

Resumo Objetivo O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar como a diversidade, dominância e raridade da comunidade fitoplanctônica são influenciadas por diferentes condições ambientais locais em lagos urbanos. Nós esperamos que a riqueza será influenciada negativamente em lagos com maiores concentrações de nutrientes e maior turbidez, enquanto a abundância será influenciada positivamente. Assim, haverá uma maior dominância de poucas espécies e menor raridade em lagos com essas condições, sendo esperado o contrário em lagos com menores concentrações de nutrientes e menor turbidez. Métodos As amostras do fitoplâncton e das variáveis abióticas foram coletadas em quatorze lagos distribuídos no município de Goiânia, Goiás, Brasil, durante um período chuvoso. Resultados Foi possível identificar uma heterogeneidade ambiental entre os lagos. Nós identificamos uma separação dos lagos em função da riqueza e densidade fitoplanctônica, especialmente devido à contribuição de algas verdes, desmídias e cianobactérias. A maioria dos lagos apresentou altos valores de diversidade e equitabilidade, com predominância de táxons raros e poucas espécies dominantes. As principais variáveis que estiveram relacionadas com o fitoplâncton, foram a temperatura da água, oxigênio dissolvido, turbidez e as concentrações de nutrientes. Conclusões Portanto, o estudo da diversidade, dominância e raridade baseada na riqueza e abundância fitoplanctônica e a sua relação com as diferentes condições ambientais locais pode ser um importante modelo na avaliação da qualidade da água em lagos urbanos. urbanos positivamente Assim Goiânia Goiás Brasil chuvoso verdes cianobactérias equitabilidade dominantes dissolvido Portanto

Abstract Aim The aim of this study was to evaluate how phytoplankton community diversity, dominance, and rarity are influenced by different local environmental conditions in urban lakes. We expect that richness will be negatively influenced in lakes with higher nutrient concentrations and high turbidity, while abundance will be positively influenced. Thus, lakes with these conditions will have greater dominance of a few species and lower rarity, and the opposite in lakes with lower nutrient concentrations and less turbidity. Methods Phytoplankton and abiotic variables samples were collected in fourteen lakes distributed in the municipality of Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil, during a rainy period. Results It was possible to identify an environmental heterogeneity among the lakes. We identified a separation of the lakes according to phytoplankton richness and density, especially due to the contribution of green algae, desmids, and cyanobacteria. Most lakes showed high diversity and evenness values, with a predominance of rare taxa and few dominant species. The main variables associated with phytoplankton were water temperature, dissolved oxygen, turbidity, and nutrient concentrations. Conclusions Therefore, the study of species diversity, dominance, and rarity based on phytoplankton richness and abundance and their relationship with different local environmental conditions can be an important model for assessing water quality in urban lakes. turbidity Thus Goiânia Goiás Brazil period density algae desmids cyanobacteria values temperature oxygen Therefore

Abstract Lotic environments are subjected to the impacts of human activities in an intense way in urban regions and one of the ways to assist in the environmental diagnosis is through the knowledge of the composition of bioindicator organisms, including microalgae. The objective of this work was to qualitatively characterize the Chlorophyceae Class Wille, providing descriptions and meristic data of the specimens as well as the environmental conditions in which the taxa were recorded. Water and phytoplankton samplings were carried out quarterly in 2020, in nine supply rivers, distributed in three river basins in the western region of Paraná (Paraná III basin, Piquiri basin and Baixo Iguaçu basin). The studied rivers were classified as oligotrophic or mesotrophic and the taxa were mostly rare. Thirty-six taxa belonging to the Chlorophyceae class were recorded, distributed in five families: Hydrodictyaceae Dumortier, Neochloridaceae Ettl & Komárek, Radiococcaceae Fott ex P.C.Silva, Scenedesmaceae Oltmanns, Selenastraceae Blackman & Tansley. These taxa have mainly cenobial representatives, with about 70% of the individuals in this thallus configuration, followed by 22% colonies and 8% unicellular thallus. Among the identified species, five occurred only in mesotrophic sites, warning for environments with tendencies to elevate their trophic, since they are genera previously associated with these conditions. Ten new citations were recorded for the State of Paraná, namely: Pseudopediastrum boryanum var. longicorne (Reinsch) P.M.Tsarenko, Radiococcus skujae I.Kostikov, T.Darienko, A.Lukesová & L.Hoffmann, Desmodesmus perforatus (Lemmermann) E.Hegewald, Desmodesmus subspicatus (Chodat) E.Hegewald & A.W.F.Schmidt, Scenedesmus indicus Philipose ex Hegewald, Engelberg & Paschma, Ankistrodesmus bernardii Komárek, Monoraphidium capricornutum (Printz) Nygaard, Monoraphidium caribeum Hindák, Raphidocelis danubiana var. elegans (Playfair) Taşkin & Alp, Selenastrum rinoi Komárek & Comas. Taxonomic studies, such as this one, are an important tool for understanding the flora, and in addition to contributing to the registration of species in aquatic ecosystems, they serve as a basis for ecological studies and other approaches used to preserve biodiversity in these places.

Resumo Ambientes lóticos são ecossistemas muito vulneráveis aos impactos das atividades humanas, especialmente em regiões urbanas, e uma das formas para auxiliar no diagnóstico ambiental é utilizando o conhecimento da composição dos organismos bioindicadores, dentre eles as microalgas. O objetivo foi caracterizar qualitativamente as microalgas enquadradas na Classe Chlorophyceae Wille, fornecendo descrições e dados merísticos dos espécimes bem como as condições ambientais em que os táxons foram registrados. Foram realizadas amostragens de água e de fitoplâncton trimestralmente no ano de 2020, em nove rios de abastecimento, distribuídos em três bacias hidrográficas da região oeste do Paraná (bacia do Paraná III, bacia do Piquiri e bacia do Baixo Iguaçu). Os rios estudados foram enquadrados como oligotróficos ou mesotróficos e os táxons apresentaram em sua maioria ocorrência rara. Foram registrados 36 táxons pertencentes a classe Chlorophyceae distribuídos em cinco famílias: Hydrodictyaceae Dumortier, Neochloridaceae Ettl & Komárek, Radiococcaceae Fott ex P.C.Silva, Scenedesmaceae Oltmanns, Selenastraceae Blackman & Tansley. Esses táxons possuem representantes principalmente cenobiais, apresentando cerca de 70% dos indivíduos nessa configuração de talo, seguido por 22% de colônias e 8% de talos unicelulares. Entre as espécies identificadas, cinco ocorreram somente em locais mesotróficos, advertindo para ambientes com tendências a elevar sua trofia, visto que são gêneros já associados anteriormente a essas condições. Foram registradas 10 novas citações para o Estado do Paraná, sendo estas: Pseudopediastrum boryanum var. longicorne (Reinsch) P.M.Tsarenko, Radiococcus skujae I.Kostikov, T.Darienko, A.Lukesová & L.Hoffmann, Desmodesmus perforatus (Lemmermann) E.Hegewald, Desmodesmus subspicatus (Chodat) E.Hegewald & A.W.F.Schmidt, Scenedesmus indicus Philipose ex Hegewald, Engelberg & Paschma, Ankistrodesmus bernardii Komárek, Monoraphidium capricornutum (Printz) Nygaard, Monoraphidium caribeum Hindák, Raphidocelis danubiana var. elegans (Playfair) Taşkin & Alp, Selenastrum rinoi Komárek & Comas. Trabalhos taxonômicos, como este, são uma importante ferramenta para o conhecimento da flora, e além de contribuir no registro das espécies nos ecossitemas aquáticos, servem como base para estudos ecológicos e demais abordagens utilizadas na preservação da biodiversidade nesses locais.

RESUMO A família Selenastraceae pertence à ordem Chlorococcales da classe Chlorophyceae. Ela contém células alongadas, que podem ser retas ou deformadas de várias maneiras. O presente estudo foi conduzido no distrito de Chandrapur, no Estado de Maharashtra, Índia, para descobrir a diversidade de algas nos principais rios Wardha, Painganga e Wain Ganga. O artigo revela a diversidade e distribuição de vinte e quatro táxons de seis gêneros da família Selenastraceae nesses principais rios do distrito de Chandrapur. Chlorophyceae alongadas maneiras Chandrapur Maharashtra Índia Wardha Ganga

ABSTRACT The family Selenastraceae belongs to the order Chlorococcales of Class Chlorophyceae. It contains elongated cells, which may be straight or variously warped. The present study was conducted in the Chandrapur district of Maharashtra State, India to find out the algal diversity in the major rivers Wardha, Painganga, and wain ganga. The paper reveals the diversity and distribution of twenty-four taxa of six genera of the family Selenastraceae in these major rivers of the Chandrapur district. Chlorophyceae cells warped State Wardha Painganga ganga twentyfour twenty four

El objetivo del estudio fue contribuir al conocimiento de la composición y estructura de la taxocenosis conformada por cianobacterias, clorofitas y euglenofitas de estos ambientes extremos, en relación a variables abióticas (conductividad eléctrica, salinidad y pH del agua, altura sobre el nivel del mar y superficie lacustre). En 2005, se efectuó un muestreo interdisciplinario de veintiséis puntos de colecta en tres provincias del noroeste argentino (NOA). Los datos abióticos y bióticos registrados en campo y en laboratorio se hicieron según protocolos convencionales. De acuerdo a los resultados, la mayoría de los ejemplares identificados en Catamarca (coincidente con Jujuy y Salta) fueron cosmopolitas y afines con la salinidad, destacándose, en general, las cianobacterias y Chroococcus turgidus dentro de este grupo; en segundo lugar, estuvieron las algas verdes y, en el caso de las euglenofitas, no fueron registradas en dicha provincia. La taxocenosis estuvo constituida tanto por especies propias del fitoplancton como de otros hábitats. Los valores bajos a intermedios de diversidad (0,01-2,85) estarían vinculados al predominio de especies raras y de unas pocas dominantes. La biomasa mostró sensibilidad a las condiciones ambientales, en general disminuyó con el aumento de la salinidad, varió entre 24.007-60.396.324 mg/ml de C. La aplicación del Análisis de Componentes Principales, tanto para variables abióticas como bióticas, fueron de utilidad porque aportaron datos complementarios sobre la ocasionar floraciones y potencialÂmente tóxicas, como Chroococcus turgidus, Microcystis flos-aquae y Nodularia spumigena conducen a sugerir un control periódico de estos cuerpos de agua.

The aim this study was to contribute to the knowledge of the composition and structure of taxocenosis formed by cyanobacteria, chlorophytes and euglenophytes of these extreme environments in relation to abiotic variables (water electrical conductivity, salinity, pH, height above sea level and lake surface). In 2005, an interdisciplinary sampling was carried out covering twenty-six collection sites in three provinces from Argentinean Northwest. Abiotic and biotic data were recorded in the field and in the laboratory following conventional protocols. According to the results, most of the specimens in the province of Catamarca (coinciding with Jujuy and Salta) were cosmopolitan and related to salinity, with Cyanobacteria and Chroococcus turgidus standing out in general within this group; green algae were in second place, while euglenophytes were not recorded in this province. Taxocenosis was made up of phytoplankton species and those coming from other habitats. The low to intermediate values ​​of diversity (0.01-2.85) would be linked to the dominance of rare species and presence of a few taxa with high numbers of individuals. Biomass showed sensitivity to environmental conditions, highlighting in general a decrease of this variable with the increase in salinity, whose records varied between 24,007- 60,396,324 mg/ml of C. The application of the Principal Components Analysis for abiotic and biotic variables was a useful tool because it provided complementary information on the distribution of the selected sites. Finally, the quantification of cyanobacterial species potentially toxic and capable of producing blooms, such as Chroococcus turgidus, Microcystis flos-aquae and Nodularia spumigena lead to suggest a periodic control of these water bodies.

Resumo Objetivo A urbanização, a agricultura e o desmatamento são os principais fatores antropogênicos que modificam o solo, alterando a qualidade da água e influenciado os fatores limnológicos e a biota aquática em rios. Nós investigamos a resposta taxonômica e funcional baseada na morfologia (GFBM) da comunidade fitoplanctônica entre diferentes rios de abastecimento público em distintas bacias hidrográficas com características ultraoligotróficas, oligotróficos e mesotróficas. Métodos Amostramos a comunidade fitoplanctônica e as variáveis ambientais em nove rios ao longo de três bacias hidrográficas da região oeste do Paraná. Para avaliar a relação taxonômica e funcional da comunidade com as variáveis ambientais nós aplicamos análises de variância e análises de redundância. Resultados A maior contribuição taxonômica para a riqueza e biovolume foram de algas verdes e diatomáceas, enquanto as maiores contribuições funcionais foram dos GFBM IV (algas sem traços especializados), GFBM V (algas unicelulares flageladas), GFBM VI (algas com exoesqueleto silicoso) e GFBM (grandes algas coloniais). Apenas a abordagem taxonômica foi sensível a variabilidade ambiental dos rios, enquanto que para a abordagem funcional não foi identificada nenhuma relação com a variabilidade ambiental. Conclusões A abordagem taxonômica da comunidade fitoplanctônica foi mais sensível a variabilidade ambiental dos rios estudados do que a abordagem funcional baseada na morfologia. Portanto, nós reforçamos a importância dos indicadores biológicos para compreensão das dinâmicas em ecossistemas aquáticos, fornecendo informações cruciais para a gestão dos recursos hídricos utilizados para abastecimento público.

Abstract Aim Urbanization, agriculture, and deforestation are the main anthropogenic factors that modify the soil, altering the quality of water, and influencing limnological aspects and the aquatic biota in rivers. We investigated the morphology-based taxonomic and functional response (MBFG) of the phytoplankton community among different public supply rivers in distinct hydrographic basins with ultraoligotrophic, oligotrophic, and mesotrophic characteristics. Methods We sampled the phytoplankton community and environmental variables in nine rivers along three hydrographic basins in western Paraná. In order to evaluate the taxonomic and functional relationship of the community with the environmental variables, we applied both variance and redundancy analyses. Results Differences in temperature, pH, turbidity, total phosphorus, chemical oxygen demand, and total dissolved solids were identified among river basins and/or trophic states. The highest taxonomic contributions to richness and biovolume were from green algae and diatoms, while the highest functional contributions were from MBFG IV (algae without specialized traits), MBFG V (unicellular flagellated algae), MBFG VI (algae with a siliceous exoskeleton) and MBFG (large colonial algae). The taxonomic approach was sensitive to environmental variability in the rivers, while for the functional approach no relationship to environmental variability was identified. Conclusions The taxonomic approach of the phytoplankton community was more sensitive to the environmental variability of the studied rivers than the functional approach based on morphology. Therefore, we reinforce the importance of biological indicators for understanding the dynamics in aquatic ecosystems, providing crucial information for the management of water resources used for public supply.

The objective of this work was to expand the knowledge on green algae of the tributaries of San Roque Reservoir (San Antonio and CosquÃn rivers, Las Mojarras and Los Chorrillos streams) and La Quebrada Reservoir (Colanchanga and Los Hornillos streams). The samples were collected seasonally from 2014 to 2016. A total of 66 taxa were identified: Chlorophyceae (39), Zygnematophyceae (22), Trebouxiophy- ceae (3) and Ulvophyceae (2). The highest species richness occurred in spring and tributary with the highest number of taxa was San Antonio River. The following eutrophication indicator species mentioned are: Actinastrum hantzschii, Monactinus simplex, Nephrocytium agardhianum, Scenedesmus subspicatus, Staurastrum leptocladum, Closterium aciculare and Phacotus lenticularis, an indicator species of environments with calcium carbonate.

El objetivo de este trabajo fue ampliar el conocimiento de las algas verdes de los tri- butarios del embalse San Roque (rÃos San Antonio y CosquÃn, arroyos Las Mojarras y Los Chorrillos) y el embalse La Quebrada (arroyos Colanchanga y Los Hornillos). Las muestras fueron recolectadas estacionalmente durante los años 2014 a 2016. Se identificaron un total de 66 taxones: Chlorophyceae (39), Zygnematophyceae (22), Trebouxiophyceae (3) y Ulvophyceae (2). La mayor riqueza de especies ocurrió en primavera y el rÃo San Antonio fue el tributario que presentó mayor número de taxones. Se mencionan especies indicadoras de eutrofia como Monoraphidium griffithii; Actinastrum hantzschii, Monactinus simplex, Nephrocytium agardhianum, Scenedesmus subspicatus, Staurastrum leptocladum, Closterium aciculare y a Phacotus lenticularis, especie indicadora de ambientes con carbonato de calcio.

Resumo Dada a extrema importância do entendimento da biodiversidade no contexto contemporâneo, este estudo realizou um levantamento taxonômico das algas verdes planctônicas de um rio subtropical do estado do Paraná, ampliando o conhecimento da distribuição biogeográfica do grupo e as condições ambientais relacionados com a sua ocorrência. Foram realizadas coletas mensais do material fitoplanctônico no período de fevereiro de 2015 a janeiro de 2016, resultando na identificação de 26 táxons pertencenteas as classes Chlorophyceae e Trebouxiophyceae, distribuídos em 16 gêneros e seis famílias taxonômicas. Dentre os táxons identificados, sete são novas citações para o estado do Paraná.

Abstract Given the extreme importance of understanding biodiversity in the contemporary context, this study performed a taxonomic survey of planktonic green algae from a subtropical river in Paraná state, broadening knowledge of the group’s geographic distribution and the environmental conditions related to its occurrence. Monthly samplings of phytoplanktonic material were carried out from February 2015 to January 2016, resulting in the identification of 26 taxa belonging to the classes Chlorophyceae and Trebouxiophyceae, distributed among 16 genera and six taxonomic families. Among the taxa identified, seven are new citations for Paraná.

RESUMEN Clorófitas y cianófitas son organismos fotosintéticos que se caracterizan por su plasticidad bioquímica, lo que les ha permitido desarrollarse en diferentes ambientes y tener una tasa de crecimiento más rápida que las plantas. Dependiendo de la especie y las condiciones ambientales, estos organismos pueden producir enzimas nitrogenadas para la fijación del nitrógeno atmosférico; fosfatasas que solubilizan el fósforo; fitohormonas que promueven el crecimiento de las plantas; y polisacáridos higroscópicos que evitan la erosión y mejoran las características del suelo. En este sentido, el objetivo de esta revisión fue analizar la información disponible sobre el uso de cianófitas y clorófitas como biofertilizantes, y su posible aplicación en la producción de alimentos orgánicos. Múltiples estudios e investigaciones fueron encontrados demostrando las ventajas del uso de estos microorganismos para mejorar la productividad de las plantas, y que a su vez conducen a una agricultura sostenible respetuosa con el medio ambiente. Sin embargo, su alto costo de producción se ha convertido en un factor limitante para su comercialización.

ABSTRACT Chlorophyta and Cyanophyta are photosynthetic organisms characterized by their biochemical plasticity, which has allowed them to develop in different environments and have a faster growth rate than plants. Depending on the species and environmental conditions, these organisms can produce nitrogenous enzymes, for atmospheric nitrogen fixation; phosphatases, that solubilize phosphorus; phytohormones, that promote plant growth; and hygroscopic polysaccharides, that prevent erosion and improve soil characteristics. In this sense, the aim of this review was to analyze the available information on the use of Chlorophyta and Cyanophyta as biofertilizers and their potential application in organic food production. Multiple studies and researches were found demonstrating the advantages of these microorganisms when being used to improve plants productivity, and also at the same time, leading to sustainable agriculture that is respectful to the environment. However, their high production cost has become a limiting factor for their commercialization.

RESUMEN El objetivo del estudio fue someter a prueba la hipótesis de que no hay diferencias en el nivel del daño causado por Capulinia linarosae (Hemiptera: Eriococcidae) en dos cultivos de guayaba sometidos a prácticas de manejos agronómicos diferentes: se comparó un cultivo cuyas prácticas de manejo tienden a orgánicas (UPA) con otro sometido a métodos químicos (UPB). En cada cultivo se seleccionaron 40 plantas al azar para estimar el daño en tallos, ramas, hojas y frutos. Se encontraron diferencias estadísticamente significativas (P<0,0001) entre los dos métodos de control para tallos y ramas, pero no para hojas ni frutos (P>0,05). Se concluye que la magnitud del daño es mayor en el cultivo sometido a control químico y que el manejo agronómico es un factor crítico. El exceso de insecticidas y la aplicación incorrecta de podas en la UPB dañan la corteza de las plantas y favorecen la proliferación del insecto. Mientras que el uso de caldo Sulfo-cálcico en la UPA regula el pH, favorece el efecto de otros productos y promueve el establecimiento de algas verdes que cubren las grietas dificultando el establecimiento del insecto. El exceso de agroquímicos para el control de malezas en UPB deja el suelo desnudo, matando sus enemigos naturales, mientras que en la UPA se corta el estrato herbáceo a unos 20 cm del suelo, manteniendo su humedad y creando un hábitat favorable a los controladores biológicos.

ABSTRACT The objective of the present study was to test the hypothesis of no difference in the level of damage caused by the guava cottony scale Capulinia linarosae (Hemiptera: Eriococcidae) in two guava crops under different agronomic management practices; a crop with organic management practices (PUA) was compared with another subjected to chemical methods (PUB). Forty plants on each farm were selected randomly to estimate damage on the stems, branches, leaves, and fruits. The levels of damage were statistically different (P<0.0001) between the methods for the stems and branches but not for the leaves or fruits (P>0.05). It was concluded that the magnitude of damage was greater in the crop under chemical control and that agronomic management was a critical factor. Excess insecticides and incorrect pruning applications cause damage to plant bark and favor insect proliferation. While the use of a sulfur-calcium broth in PUA regulated pH, it favored the effect of other products and promoted the growth of green algae, which covered bark crevices and inhibited cottony scale establishment. The excessive use of agrochemicals for weed control in PUB caused soil nudity and killed natural enemies, whereas, in PUA, the grass layer was clipped at 20 cm from the soil, maintaining moisture and creating a favorable habitat for natural enemies.

Abstract Crassiphycus corneus (J.Agardh) Gurgel, J.N.Norris et Fredericq (Gracilariales, Rhodophyta) is a species with high-quality and high yields of polysaccharides and is therefore an important agarophyte on the west coast of the Atlantic Ocean. On the northeastern coast of Brazil, the populations of this species are mostly composed of individuals of the wild red color strain and some individuals of the green color strain, the latter being scarcely studied. This work characterizes and compares the physiological performance of the wild red strain and the green variant under different temperature and irradiance conditions in the laboratory. The results indicate that the green and red strains are similarly tolerant to low temperatures (18 °C) but intolerant to high temperatures (35 °C). Both strains exhibited the highest growth rate at 25 °C and high irradiance (500 μmol photon·m-2·s-1). Under these conditions, photosynthetic rate and pigment content were similar in both color strains, but growth rates were higher in the red strain. Despite this difference, it is important to highlight that the green strain showed a growth rate of over 10%, which indicates that it could be used for cultures aiming to obtain products with added value.

Resumen. Crassiphycus corneus (J.Agardh) Gurgel, J.N.Norris et Fredericq (Gracilariales, Rhodophyta) es una de las especies de algas que posee alta calidad y rendimiento de polisacáridos, y es una importante agarofita de la costa oeste del océano Atlántico. En las costas del noreste brasileño, las poblaciones de esta especie están compuestas, en su mayoría, por individuos de linaje salvaje de color rojo, así como por algunos de coloración verde, de los cuales estos últimos han sido escasamente estudiados. Este trabajo caracteriza y compara el desempeño fisiológico de los linajes rojo salvaje y la variante verde de C. corneus en diferentes condiciones de temperatura e irradiancia en laboratorio. Los resultados indican que los linajes verdes y rojos son similarmente tolerantes a bajas temperaturas (18 °C) e intolerantes a las altas temperaturas (35 °C). La mayor tasa de crecimiento en ambos linajes fue observada a 25 °C y alta irradiancia (500 μmol foton·m m-2·s-1). En esas últimas condiciones, la tasa fotosintética y el contenido pigmentario fue similar en ambos linajes, pero las tasas de crecimiento fueron mayores en el linaje rojo. A pesar de esta diferencia en el crecimiento, se destaca que el linaje verde presentó tasa de crecimiento por sobre el 10%, lo cual podría permitir que sea utilizado con fines de cultivo para obtener productos con valor agregado.

Abstract Biochemical composition was assessed in green (Ulva expansa, Caulerpa sertularioides, Rhizoclonium riparium, Codium isabelae), red (Spyridia filamentosa, Gracilaria vermiculophylla), and brown (Padina durvillaei) seaweeds collected from different tropical lagoons on the Pacific coast of Sinaloa, Mexico. Protein content was higher in C. sertularioides, S. filamentosa, and G. vermiculophylla (10-12%), followed by R. riparium, P. durvillaei, and U. expansa (8%, 6%, and 4%, respectively). Lipid content was in the range of 0.3-1.5%, with the highest value found in R. riparium. The highest content of nitrogen-free extract (i.e., carbohydrates) (69%) and the lowest ash value (25%) were assessed in P. durvillaei. Polyunsaturated fatty acid content was in the range of 5-45%, with higher values in R. riparium (45%), C. sertularioides (39%), and P. durvillaei (23%). Red seaweeds showed the highest value of cholesterol+dehydrocholesterol (>90%), while green seaweeds showed the highest contents of β-sitosterol (71-77%), except for U. expansa, for which fucosterol+isofucosterol (79%) was highest. Pigment composition was different among seaweeds but coincided with previous reports. The biochemical components used as biomarkers were assessed by principal component analysis to discriminate among assessed variables and to cluster seaweed species according to the common variability of their biochemical composition. Results showed that composition was similar within seaweed divisions but particularly different in U. expansa and P. durvillaei. Biochemical compounds that contributed to total variability were β-sitosterol, 20:4n-6, 20:5n-3, chlorophyll a and b, and β-carotene, and to a lesser extent fucosterol+isofocusterol and 22:6n-3. Results showed that the analyzed seaweed species may be useful for animal nutrition and appropriate for human consumption.

Resumen Se determinó la composición bioquímica de algas verdes (Ulva expansa, Caulerpa sertularioides, Rhizoclonium riparium, Codium isabelae), rojas (Spyridia filamentosa, Gracilaria vermiculophylla) y parda (Padina durvillaei) recolectadas en diferentes lagunas tropicales en la costa del Pacífico en Sinaloa, México. El contenido de proteínas fue más alto en C. sertularioides, S. filamentosa y G. vermiculophylla (10-12%), seguido de R. riparium, P. durvillaei y U. expansa (8%, 6% y 4%, respectivamente). El contenido de lípidos se encontró en el intervalo de 0.3-1.5%, con el valor más alto encontrado en R. riparium. El contenido más alto del extracto libre de nitrógeno (i.e., carbohidratos) (69%) y el valor más bajo de cenizas (25%) se encontró en P. durvillaei. El contenido de ácidos grasos poliinsaturados (AGPI) se encontró en el intervalo del 5% al 45%, con los valores más altos en R. riparium (45%), C. sertularioides (39%) y P. durvillaei (23%). Las algas rojas mostraron el mayor valor de colesterol+dehidrocolesterol (>90%), mientras que las algas verdes mostraron el mayor contenido de β-sitosterol (71-77%), excepto U. expansa, para la cual el principal esterol fue el fucoesterol+isofucosterol (79%). El contenido de pigmentos fue diferente entre las algas, aunque coincidió con reportes previos. Los componentes bioquímicos usados como biomarcadores se analizaron por componentes principales para discriminar entre las variables analizadas y agrupar las especies de algas en función de la variabilidad de su composición bioquímica. Los resultados mostraron una composición similar en cada grupo de algas, pero particularmente diferente en U. expansa y P. durvillaei. Los compuestos bioquímicos que contribuyeron a la variabilidad total fueron β-sitosterol, 20:4n-6, 20:5n-3, clorofila a y b, β-caroteno y, en menor grado, fucosterol+isofucosterol y 22:6n-3. Los resultados indican que las especies de algas analizadas podrían ser utilizadas como alimento para animales, pero también para consumo humano.

RESUMO Arnoldiella elbakyaniae sp. nov. é descrita com base em material epilítico coletado em uma cascata de um riacho no nordeste brasileiro, Estado do Piauí. O riacho pertence à bacia do rio Parnaíba que é uma das regiões mais pobremente amostradas no país. Apresentamos aqui também uma nova combinação de Basicladia emedii C.K. Peres & C.C.Z. Branco em Arnoldiella emedii comb. nov. seguindo o arranjo proposto para o grupo. Arnoldiella elbakyaniae pode ser reconhecida por um talo heterotríqueo com filamentos eretos pequenos, não ramificados ou esparsamente ramificados e célula basal do sistema ereto curta e larga. Difere de A. emedii pelas suas células basais mais curtas, pelas células do eixo mais estreitas e cilíndricas e pelos zoosporângios em cadeias terminais.

ABSTRACT Arnoldiella elbakyaniae sp. nov. is described based on epilithic material collected in a cascade of a stream in Northeastern Brazil, Piauí State. The stream belongs to the Parnaíba river basin, which encompasses one of the most poorly sampled regions in the country. We also propose here the combination of Basicladia emedii C.K. Peres & C.C.Z. Branco into Arnoldiella emedii comb. nov., following the new arrangement proposed for the group. Arnoldiella elbakyaniae can be recognized by the heterotrichous thallus with short erect, unbranched or sparsely branched filaments, and by the short and enlarged basal cells of the erect system. The new species differs from A. emedii by its shorter basal cells, the narrower and cylindrical axis cells, and the zoosporangia in terminal chains.

Resumo O presente estudo refere-se ao levantamento das espécies de algas verdes (Chlorophyta) ocorrentes em ambientes fitotelmatas bromelícolas de áreas de afloramentos rochosos (Serra da Jibóia) e restinga (Parque das Dunas), Bahia, Brasil. Foram identificados 23 táxons incluindo três espécies (Asterococcus superbus, Gongrosira papuasica e Lagerhemia chodatti) que estão sendo registradas pela primeira vez para o Brasil e duas espécies de Oedogonium (Oedogonium pulchrum and O. areschougii) que foram novamente coletadas para o Brasil após 115 anos.

Abstract A floristic survey for green algae (Chlorophyta) from bromeliad phytotelmata of areas of rocky outcrop (Serra da Jibóia) and "restinga" (Parque das Dunas), Bahia state, Brazil is presented here. A total of twenty-three taxa were identified, including three species (Asterococcus superbus, Gongrosira papuasica and Lagerhemia chodatti) that are newly reported for Brazil and two Oedogonium species (Oedogonium pulchrum and O. areschougii) that were recollected in Brazilian territory after 115 years.

ABSTRACT We analyse macroalgae coverage of 24 coral reefs of the Campeche Sound, Mexican Caribbean and Belize. Most of the 73 species correspond to the tropical flora and even though a large number of them has a reduced distribution there are representatives pan-tropical and cosmopolitan. Given the scarcity of macroalgae quantitative data in these areas, this paper discusses the importance of some ecological attributes in their regional distribution. Those surveys involve records of 1 to 50 m of depth through underwater photography and selective collects. Greater dominance the green and red algae, recorded it the brown and blue-green algae were recorded to a lesser extent. The sites most different according to the Simpson index were: Chemuyil (14.9 bits/ind.) and Punta Allen (7.9 bits/ind.) in the Caribbean and Bajo Obispo (7.4 bits/ind.) and Arrecife Alacranes (7.2 bits/ind.) in Campeche Sound. High levels of affinity between the sites belonging to the same region, were recorded which is discussed on the basis of each system. The spatial distribution given by the PCA shows also groups that characterized to some system reef.

RESUMEN Se analizan las coberturas de macroalgas de 24 arrecifes coralinos de la Sonda de Campeche, el Caribe Mexicano y Belice. La mayoría de las 73 especies corresponden a la flora tropical y si bien un gran número de ellas posee una distribución reducida existen representantes cosmopolitas y pan-tropicales. Dada la escasez de datos cuantitativos de macroalgas en estas zonas, en el presente trabajo se analiza la importancia de algunos atributos ecológicos en su distribución regional. Los muestreos involucran registros de 1 a 50 m de profundidad mediante fotografía submarina y colecta selectiva. La mayor dominancia la registraron las algas verdes y rojas, las algas pardas y las verde-azules se registraron en menor proporción. Las localidades más diversas según el índice de Simpson fueron: Chemuyil (14,9 bits/ind.) y Punta Allen (7,9 bits/ind.) en el Caribe y Bajo Obispo (7,4 bits/ind.) y Arrecife Alacranes (7,2 bits/ind.) en la Sonda de Campeche. Se registraron altos niveles de afinidad entre las localidades pertenecientes a una misma región, lo cual se discute en función de cada sistema. La distribución espacial dada por el análisis de Componentes Principales muestra también grupos que caracterizan a algún sistema arrecifal.